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The Sanskrit translation of the lost 5th century Prakrit Jaina cosmological text Lokavibhaga The 7th century Brahmasphuta Siddhanta contains a comparatively advanced understanding of the mathematical role of zero. Around 500, the astronomer Aryabhata uses the word kha ("emptiness") to mark "zero" in tabular arrangements of digits.

The development of the positional decimal system takes its origins in Indian mathematics during the Gupta period. The place-value system is used in the Bakhshali manuscript the earliest leaves being radiocarbon dated to the period 224–383 AD. Each of the roughly dozen major scripts of India has its own numeral glyphs (as one will note when perusing Unicode character charts).Ĭhinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, and Korean numerals

The Indian numerals in use with scripts of the Brahmic family in India and Southeast Asia.

A variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals is used in Persian and Urdu.

The "Arabic–Indic" or " Eastern Arabic numerals" used with Arabic script, developed primarily in what is now Iraq.

The widespread Western " Arabic numerals" used with the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets in the table, descended from the "West Arabic numerals" which were developed in al-Andalus and the Maghreb (there are two typographic styles for rendering western Arabic numerals, known as lining figures and text figures).

The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages, arranged in three main groups: Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, most of which developed from the Brahmi numerals. The requisite changes in reading direction are found in text that mixes left-to-right writing systems with right-to-left systems. In this more developed form, the numeral system can symbolize any rational number using only 13 symbols (the ten digits, decimal marker, vinculum, and a prepended minus sign to indicate a negative number).Īlthough generally found in text written with the Arabic abjad ("alphabet"), numbers written with these numerals also place the most-significant digit to the left, so they read from left to right (though digits are not always said in order from most to least significant ). In modern usage, this latter symbol is usually a vinculum (a horizontal line placed over the repeating digits). In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum". The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. Main articles: Positional notation and 0 (number)

According to some sources this number system may have some connection with the Chinese Shang numerals, which was also a decimal positional value system of base 10. Later they came to be called "Arabic numerals" in Europe because they were introduced to the West by Arab merchants. Persian and Arabic mathematicians called them "Hindu numerals". The Hindu–Arabic or Indo–Arabic numerals were invented by mathematicians in India. These symbol sets can be divided into three main families: Western Arabic numerals used in the Greater Maghreb and in Europe Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Middle East and the Indian numerals in various scripts used in the Indian subcontinent. The glyphs in actual use are descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages. The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in principle independent of the system itself. The system is based upon ten (originally nine) glyphs. The system had spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages. 825) and Arab mathematician Al-Kindi ( On the Use of the Hindu Numerals, c. It became more widely known through the writings of the Persian mathematician Al-Khwārizmī ( On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, c. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century. It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Indo-Arabic numeral system (also called the Hindu numeral system or Arabic numeral system) is a positional decimal numeral system, and is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world. Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Arabic numerals: Western Arabic numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right